In the realm of regenerative medicine, exosomes are quickly becoming one of the most innovative tools for promoting healing and cellular communication. These nano-sized vesicles are secreted by many cell types, but those originating from mesenchymal stem cells—referred to as stem cell exosomes—are of particular interest for clinical use. Rather than…
Surgical Skills 
Boyd (Posterolateral) Approach to Elbow
Indications: Skin incision: Begin the incision just posterior to the lateral epicondyle and lateral to the triceps tendon, and continue the incision distally to the lateral tip of the olecranon and then down the subcutaneous border of the ulna to the junction of its proximal and middle thirds or as…
Blog 
Why Reliable X-Ray Equipment Is Essential in Diagnostics
A good-quality X-ray is crucial for medical diagnostics. Medical professionals rely on these machines to deliver precise images that aid them in diagnosing numerous ailments and illnesses. High-quality imaging systems guarantee that the provider has the information to make the best healthcare decisions, whether assessing a fracture or identifying pneumonia….
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Sciatic Nerve Variations around Piriformis Muscle
Variations involving the relationship between the sciatic nerve and the piriformis muscle are commonly classified based on Beaton and Anson’s classification. Mnemonic: I Prefer Smart Anatomy For Perfect nerve-sparing Type Mnemonic Meaning Description Prevalence I I Inferior Undivided sciatic nerve passes below piriformis 87% II Prefer Piercing Peroneal pierces, tibial…
Blog 
Understanding the Benefits of Multimode Microplate Readers in Healthcare Research
Healthcare research today stands at the exciting intersection of innovation and practicality, constantly striving to accelerate discoveries while maintaining reliability and accuracy. As researchers working with biologics and protein therapies navigate an increasingly complex landscape, the multimode microplate reader has emerged as an indispensable instrument, offering capabilities that extend beyond…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
“5-Ps” Mnemonic for Preoperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis
Potential indications for antibiotic prophylaxis before surgical procedure are: 1. Penetration into gastrointestinal, respiratory and genital lumens 2. Prosthesis 3. Presence of infection 4. Prolonged surgery 5. Poor patient immunity Reference: Hasanin A, Mostafa M. The “5-Ps” Mnemonic for Antibiotic Prophylaxis Before Surgery. Anesth Analg. 2025 May 7. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000007596….
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
How Hyperchloremia Impairs Renal Function
While historically, NS and RL have been thought to be generally equivalent for resuscitation, there has been an associated risk of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis with large-volume resuscitation using normal saline. Hyperchoremic metabolic acidosis has been found to increase the risk of acute kidney injury. This is thought to be due to the…
PGMEE, MRCS, USMLE, MBBS, MD/MS 
Wound Strength
Wound strength is determined by both quantity and quality of collagen and an appropriate balance of deposition and breakdown. The amount of collagen in a wound plateaus at several weeks post-injury. Timeline: 1. First few weeks: Strength increases rapidly, reaching about 20% of pre-injury strength at 3 weeks. 2. Around 6 weeks: Wound strength…